Garibaldi An autobiography【電子書籍】[ Alexandre Dumas ]
＜p＞Everything that exists has its origin in the past. It is therefore quite essential, before touching upon the events of any remarkable man's life, that we should take a retrospective glance at the circumstances in which his career originated.＜/p＞ ＜p＞I purpose, then, to give here a rapid preliminary sketch of the prominent events that occurred in Italy, and especially in Piedmont ーGaribaldi's native soilー between the years 1820 and 1834, before introducing him to the reader to tell his story in his own words: observing that his narrative will commence from this latter date.＜/p＞ ＜p＞The course of the wars which followed the outbreak of the great French Revolution had sent into banishment, in the island of Sardinia, two princes, who, on emerging from their protracted exile at the close of the war, were no longer young. These two princes, who were brothers, were the last surviving male representatives of the direct line of the Dukes of Savoy. One was Victor Emmanuel, and the other Charles Felix, each of whom was destined to ascend the throne of the newly-constituted kingdom of Sardinia.＜/p＞ ＜p＞The younger branch of this house was then represented by Charles Albert, Prince de Carignan, who in 1823 served as a grenadier in the French army during the Spanish campaign, and on which occasion he greatly distinguished himself by his personal courage, particularly at the attack of the Trocadero.＜/p＞ ＜p＞King Victor-Emmanuel I., on ascending the throne, had pledged his word to the allied sovereigns not to make, under any circumstances whatever, the least concession to his people ーa condition to which he was probably indebted for the gift of his crown. That, however, which was easy to promise in 1815, became, as we shall see, somewhat difficult to perform in 1821.＜/p＞ ＜p＞In 1820, Carbonarism had begun to spread throughout Italy. In a former work of mine, entitled Joseph Balsamo, which, although but a romance, contains in it much of reality, will be found a sketch of the history of the " Illuminati," and of Freemasonry. These two powerful antagonists to despotic royalty, whose device was the three initial letters "L. P. D." i.e., Lilia Pedibus Distruc, played a part of some importance in the French Revolution. Almost all the Jacobins, and a large proportion of the Cordeliers, were freemasons, while Philip Egalit? held the high office of "Grand Orient" in the craft.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Napoleon affected to take freemasonry under his protection; but under this pretence he managed to divert it from its proper aim: in short, he bent it to his own purposes, and turned it into an instrument of despotism. It was not the first time that chains had been forged from sword-blades. Joseph Bonaparte was a Grand Master of the order; Cambaceres, Grand Assistant-Master; and Murat, second Grand Assistant-Master. The Empress Josephine being at Strasburg in 1805, presided at the festival of the adoption of the Free Knights of Paris; and about this time Eugene de Beauharnais was elected "Venerable" of the lodge of St. Eugene of Paris. When he was afterwards in Italy as Viceroy, the "Grand Orient" of Milan named him "Master and Sovereign Commander of the Supreme Council of the 32nd degree" the greatest honour attainable under the statutes of the order.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Bernadotte also was a mason; his sou, Prince Oscar, was Grand Master of the Swedish lodge; moreover, in the different lodges of Paris were successively initiated, Alexander, Duke of Wurtemburg, Prince Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, and even the Persian ambassador, Askeri Khan; the President of the Senate, Count de Lacepede, presided as " Grand Orient of France," having for his officers of honour Generals Kellermann, Massena, and Soult. Princes, ministers, marshals, officers, magistrates, all, indeed, who were remarkable from their glorious career or eminent from their position, were ambitious of being admitted as brethren. Women even wished to have their lodges: this notion was adopted by Mesdames de Calignan, de Girardin, de Narbonne, and many other ladies of great houses; but one only amongst them was actually received into the craft, and she not as a "sister," but as a "brother." That was no other than the famous Xaintrailles, to whom the First Consul had given the brevet of a chef d’escadron (major of cavalry)1.＜/p＞ ＜p＞But it was not in France alone that freemasonry nourished at that period. The King of Sweden, in 1811, instituted the, civil order of masonry. Frederick William III, King of Prussia, had towards the end of the month of July, in the year 1800, sanctioned by edict the constitution of the grand lodge of Berlin. The Prince of Wales continued to preside over the order in England until he became Kegent in 1813. And, in the month of February of the year 1814, the King of Holland, Frederick William, declared himself Protector of the order, and permitted the Prince-royal, his son, to accept the title of "Honorary Venerable" of the lodge of William Frederick of Amsterdam.＜/p＞ ＜p＞At the return of the Bourbons to France, Marshal Bournonville begged Louis XVIII. to place the fraternity under the protection of a member of his family; but Louis XVIII, whose memory was tenacious, had not forgotten the active part which masonry had taken in the catastrophe of 1793; so he refused compliance with the request, by stating that he never would allow a member of his family to form part of any secret society whatever.＜/p＞ ＜p＞In Italy, masonry fell to the ground together with French domination; but in its place, after a time, Carbonarism began to appear, and this association seemed to have taken up the performance of the task which masonry had abandoned ーthat of furthering the cause of political emancipation.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Two other sects took the same direction, viz., that of "The Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Congregation” and that of "The Consistorial Society."＜/p＞ ＜p＞The members of the "Congregation" wore as a badge of recognition a cord of straw-coloured silk with five knots. Its members, in the inferior degrees, professed nothing but acts of piety and benevolence; as to the secrets of the sectーknown only to the higher degreesーthey were not allowed to be uttered where there were more than two present; all conference ceasing on the appearance of a third person. The pass word of the Congregationalists was Eleuteria, signifying Liberty; the secret word was Ode, that is to say, Independence.＜/p＞ ＜p＞This sect, which originated in France among the n?ocatholics, and included among its members several of our best and most steadfast republicans, had crossed the Alps, passed into Piedmont, and thence into Lombardy; there it obtained but few proselytes, and was soon rooted out by Austrian emissaries, who contrived to lay their hands at Genoa on the diplomas granted to the various members on their initiation, as well as the statutes, and a key to the secret signs of recognition.＜/p＞ ＜p＞The "Consistorial Society" directed its efforts chiefly against Austria; at its head figured those princes of Italy who were unconnected with the house of Habsburg, and its president was Cardinal Gonsalvi; the only prince of Austrian connection who was not excluded from it was the Duke of Modena. Thence ensued, when the existence of this league was publicly known, the terrible persecution of the patriots by this prince; he had to earn forgiveness from Austria for his desertion of her, and nothing less than the blood of Menotti, his associate in the conspiracy, sufficed to make his peace with that Power.＜/p＞ ＜p＞The Consistorialists aimed at wresting from Francis II. all his Italian dominions, in order to share them among themselves. The Pope, besides his own territory of Rome and the Romagna, was to have possession of Tuscany for his share; the Isle of Elba and the Marches were to be bestowed on the King of Naples; Parma, Placentia, and a part of Lombardy, with the title of king, on the Duke of Modena; Massa, Carrara, and Lucca, were to be given to the King of Sardinia; and lastly, the Emperor Alexander, who, from his aversion to Austria, favoured these secret designs, was to have either Ancona, Civita Vecchia, or Genoa as a Russian foothold in the Mediterranean.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Thus, without consulting national feelings, or the natural territorial limits of different States, this league coolly resolved on sharing souls among themselves as Arabs do with a captured flock after a razzia; and that right which belongs to the humblest creature upon the soil of Europe to choose his own master, and to take service only where it suited him, that right was to be refused to national communities.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Fortunately, one only of all these projects ーthat which was undertaken by the Carbonari, and one that was not irreconcilable with divine preceptsー had a fair chance of being accomplished.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Carbonarism had made its way to, and was thriving vigorously in the Romagna; it had united itself to the sect of the Guelphs, the central point of which was at Ancona, and it looked for support to Bonapartism.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Lucien Bonaparte was raised to the degree of "Grand Light;" and, in its secret meetings, resolutions were passed, declaring the necessity that existed for wresting power from the hands of the priests; the name of Brutus was invoked, and the associates went to work to prepare the minds of thinking men for a republic.＜/p＞ ＜p＞In the night of the 24th of June, 1819, the movement thus prepared broke out; but it came to the fatal issue so common to first attempts of this kind. Every new faith, religious or political, which is to have apostles and zealous disciples, first requires martyrs. Five Carbonari were shot, and others condemned for life to the galleys; while some, deemed less guilty, were sentenced to ten years' imprisonment in a fortress.＜/p＞ ＜p＞After this catastrophe, the sect, having learnt prudence, changed its name, and took that of the " Latin Society."＜/p＞ ＜p＞At this very time, the association was spreading its doctrines in Lombardy, and extending its ramifications into the other States of Ital画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ページからお願いします。※切り替わらない場合は、こちら をクリックして下さい。 ※このページからは注文できません。543円 0.0(0) 楽天Kobo電子書籍ストア / Rakuten